Heat and Animal Safety: How to Respond Effectively in a Crisis

The summer peak season in pet hotels and daycares is a time of intensive work, but also a period of the highest operational risk. Heatwaves pose a direct threat to the health and lives of the animals entrusted to us. As professionals, we must remember that legal and ethical responsibility for animal safety rests entirely with us. The key to preventing tragedy is implementing proven rescue procedures based on the latest veterinary knowledge.

Animals cool themselves differently from people. Dogs and cats do not release heat through their skin as effectively as humans; in dogs, the primary mechanism for eliminating excess heat is panting, which cools through the evaporation of water from the respiratory tract. In cats, open-mouth panting is an alarm sign. When the ambient temperature rises and humidity is high, this system rapidly loses efficiency, leading to life-threatening heatstroke.

How do you recognize a threat to life? The triage system in a pet hotel and daycare

Staff at a pet hotel or daycare must immediately identify the difference between physiological fatigue after play and pathological overheating. Waiting for critical signs reduces an animal’s chance of survival.

Clinical signs of overheating and heatstroke

Every member of staff must also know the high-risk groups. These primarily include brachycephalic breeds (English and French bulldogs, pugs, Shih Tzus, Pekingese, Persian cats), overweight and geriatric animals, animals diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases, laryngeal paralysis or tracheal collapse, as well as dogs with thick, black coats.

First aid step by step — a professional standard operating procedure

When an animal’s body temperature exceeds 41.5°C/106.7°F, damage to internal organs progresses rapidly. The procedure below must be implemented immediately and precisely.

Step 1: Environmental evacuation

Move the animal to a cool, preferably air-conditioned room with intensive air circulation. Remove the collar, harness, and muzzle to make breathing as easy as possible and allow unrestricted panting.

Step 2: Rapid and safe physical cooling

When cooling, the principles of cellular physiology must be strictly observed:

• Do not apply ice directly to the skin: This may cause discomfort and skin damage. Immersion in cool water can be effective for a young, healthy, conscious dog. For an older, weak, unconscious dog or one with underlying health conditions, pour or spray water over the body and provide airflow.

• Use lukewarm or cool water: Gently pour, spray, or wipe water over the animal’s abdomen, groin, armpits, neck, and paws.

• Turn on a fan: Directing airflow onto the animal’s wet body drastically accelerates the evaporation of water from the coat and skin, which is the most effective form of cooling.

• Do not leave wet towels on the body as a permanent compress: A wet towel left on the back restricts airflow and may make heat loss more difficult. Wet towels may be used briefly to wipe the body, provided they are changed continuously.

• Monitor rectal temperature if staff are trained: Use a thermometer with a flexible tip inserted into the rectum. Stop active cooling when the temperature falls to approximately 39.4–39.5°C/102.9–103.1°F. Continuing to cool below this threshold risks reactive hypothermia.

Step 3: Controlled hydration

If the animal has regained full consciousness and is swallowing steadily, offer small amounts of cool water to drink. Never force water into the mouth or give water to an unconscious or staggering animal, as this risks aspiration pneumonia.

Step 4: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation under the RECOVER 2024 guidelines

If cardiac and respiratory arrest has occurred, begin resuscitation immediately. The new global RECOVER 2024 guidelines emphasize the anatomical structure of the chest:

Body positioning for chest compressions:

• Wide-chested dogs (e.g. English and French bulldogs, pugs): Place the animal on its side and perform compressions over the widest part of the chest. If the animal lies stably on its back after the airway has been secured, compressions may be performed directly over the sternum to a depth of approximately 25% (one-quarter) of the chest depth.

• Other dog breeds and cats: Place the animal on its side. Perform chest compressions to a depth of one-third to one-half of its width. For round-chested dogs, compress at the widest part of the chest; for keel-chested dogs (sighthounds) and cats, compress directly over the heart.

Compression rate: Perform compressions at a rate of 100–120 per minute. Allow the chest to recoil fully after every compression.

Managing breaths:

• Prefer a mask and manual resuscitator: A manual resuscitator (Ambu bag) and a tightly sealed non-vented face mask are recommended. The ratio is 30 compressions to 2 breaths (30:2).

• Mouth-to-nose when risk is low: If a mask and Ambu bag are unavailable and the risk to the rescuer is low, RECOVER 2024 recommends mouth-to-nose breaths.

• Compression-only CPR: If a mask and Ambu bag are unavailable and there is a risk of infection, poisoning, or another exposure, perform continuous chest compressions without pauses for breaths.

Staff rotation: The person performing compressions should switch with another member of staff every 2 minutes, or earlier if physical fatigue begins to reduce the effectiveness of the compressions. The changeover must take less than 10 seconds.

Step 5: Arrange urgent transport to a veterinary clinic

Even if the animal appears stable after cooling, a visit to the veterinarian is essential. The consequences of heatstroke (e.g. acute kidney failure, liver necrosis, brain swelling, blood-clotting disorders/DIC) may develop within 24–48 hours.

Continue cooling and airflow on the way to the clinic unless the veterinarian advises otherwise. Before departure, make sure to call the partner clinic (the pre-call procedure) so that the veterinary team is fully prepared to begin intensive treatment immediately.

Summary and recommendations for facility managers

Implementing an updated, scientifically verified rescue procedure in a pet hotel or daycare is a key step in protecting both the health of the animals in your care and the reputation of your brand. Traditional, outdated methods (such as leaving wet towels over the entire body or performing mouth-to-nose CPR without assessing the risk to the rescuer) can have tragic consequences in a real emergency.

Managers of professional pet care facilities should take the following steps:

1. Update internal procedures (SOPs): Formally replace the old instructions with an updated rescue protocol.
2. Equip the first-aid kit: Purchase a professional rectal thermometer and, for trained staff, a veterinary Ambu resuscitation bag and non-vented face masks in different sizes.
3. Train the team: Conduct practical training in rectal temperature measurement and CPR according to the RECOVER 2024 guidelines using resuscitation manikins.
4. Establish a permanent emergency partnership: Sign a partnership agreement with the nearest 24-hour veterinary clinic to optimize the emergency transport procedure.

By implementing these procedures supported by veterinary knowledge, your facility will go through the summer season fully prepared for emergencies and will also strengthen its position as a professional and safe pet care facility.

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Research and sources

1. Hall E.J. et al. “Proposing the VetCompass clinical grading tool for heat-related illness in dogs”, Scientific Reports 11, 6828 (2021) — the study of 856 HRI events supports the classification of clinical signs; neurological dysfunction, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and bleeding disorders carried the highest risk of death.
2. Hall E.J., Radford A.D., Carter A.J. “Surveillance of heat-related illness in small animals presenting to veterinary practices in the UK between 2013 and 2018”, Open Veterinary Journal 12, 5–16 (2022) — covers dogs, cats, and other small animals and reports clinical signs and risk factors.
3. Hall E.J. et al. “Risk Factors for Severe and Fatal Heat-Related Illness in UK Dogs—A VetCompass Study”, Veterinary Sciences 9, 231 (2022) — analyzes factors associated with severe and fatal outcomes.
4. Hall E.J. et al. “Cooling Methods Used to Manage Heat-Related Illness in Dogs Presented to Primary Care Veterinary Practices during 2016–2018 in the UK”, Veterinary Sciences 10, 465 (2023) — supports “cool first, transport second” and the use of cool-water immersion or water application combined with airflow.
5. Hopper K. et al. “2024 RECOVER Guidelines: Basic Life Support”, Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 34, 16–43 (2024) — supports recommendations on body position, chest compressions, mask ventilation, mouth-to-nose breaths, and compression-only CPR.
6. Burkitt-Creedon J.M. et al. “2024 RECOVER Guidelines: Updated treatment recommendations for CPR in dogs and cats”, Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 34, 104–123 (2024) — current guidance on compression rate, depth, cycles, and team organization.
7. Bruchim Y. et al. “Heat Stroke in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 54 Cases (1999–2004) and Analysis of Risk Factors for Death”, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20, 38–46 (2006) — describes clinical progression, organ complications, and risk factors for death in dogs with heatstroke.